Joining the ranks of the richest 1% is never easy, but it’s especially hard in Monaco.

You need to be worth almost $8 million to make the cut in the Mediterranean principality, where residents typically don’t pay income taxes, according to research on more than two-dozen locations by Knight Frank.

Switzerland and the U.S. have the next highest entry points, requiring fortunes of $5.1 million and $4.4 million, respectively, according to the property broker’s 2021 Wealth Report. In Singapore, $2.9 million will get you over the threshold.

“You can clearly see the influence of tax policy at the top,” said Liam Bailey, Knight Frank’s global head of research. “Then you have the sheer breadth and depth of the U.S. market.”

The findings underscore how the pandemic has widened the gap between rich and poor nations. The entry point for Monaco’s richest 1% is almost 400-times greater than in Kenya, the lowest-ranked of 30 locations in Knight Frank’s study. The World Bank estimates 2 million people in that African nation have fallen into poverty due to the Covid-19 crisis. Meanwhile, the world’s 500 wealthiest people added $1.8 trillion to their fortunes last year, according to the Bloomberg Billionaires Index, with U.S.-based technology entrepreneurs Elon Musk and Jeff Bezos gaining the most.

The U.S. leads in the number of ultra-rich individuals even as wealth growth has surged recently in Asia-Pacific locations such as China and Hong Kong, according to the report. The richest Asia-Pacific billionaires are now worth a combined $2.7 trillion, data compiled by Bloomberg show, or more than triple the amount at the end of 2016. The region is forecast to continue outpacing global growth in ultra-high-net worth individuals from 2020 to 2025, with India and Indonesia among the fastest-growing, according to Knight Frank.

Singapore is also expected to see a surge, though the city-state is already a hub for many of the world’s super-rich for reasons ranging from its high standard of living to strict privacy rules. The family office of Google co-founder Sergey Brin is setting up a branch in Singapore, while British billionaire James Dyson has already relocated his family investment firm there.

“Asia-Pacific’s foothold as host to the world’s leading wealth hubs continues to strengthen,” said Victoria Garrett, Knight Frank’s head of residential for the region.

Outsized gains among the rich and escalating costs for governments arising from the virus crisis have led to some nations to introduce or explore wealth taxes. More than a third of advisers to wealthy individuals surveyed for Knight Frank’s report cited tax issues as a main concern for their clients.

“Governments have spent a lot, and we’re now in a similar situation to after the financial crisis when there was a growing sense of: ‘Who’s going to pay for all of this?'” Bailey said.

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